General Principal and process of Isolation
- Free State (Native state)
- Combined State (Compound state )
The elements which are not attacked by moisture, oxygen, and CO2 of air called a free state(native state) e.g. C, S, Gold, Pt, noble gases, etc.
The elements which are readily attacked by moisture, oxygen, and CO2 of air called a combined state (compound state).they are found in the form of minerals.
Minerals: The naturally occurring chemicals substances in the form of which metal occurs in the earth along with impurities are called minerals.
Ore: The mineral from which the metals are extracted for conveniently and economically are called as Ore.
Thus, all the ores are minerals but all the minerals are not ores.
Atmosphere: It is the gaseous mixture that surrounds the earth. the main gases present in the atmosphere are nitrogen (78.09%) and oxygen (20.95%). other gases present in small amounts are CO2, Helium, Neon, Argon, etc.
Hydrosphere: it is the liquid-phase of the earth in the form of sea, ponds, ocean, river, and lakes. seawater is a source of large no. of elements present in the form of salts.
Lithosphere: it is the solid-phase of the earth which consists of different types of rocks, soils in which most of the elements are present in the form of minerals.
Minerals of some important metals
Combined state Elements Name of Minerals
Oxides Fe Haematile(Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe2O3FeO)
Al Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O)
Mn Pyrolusite (MnO2)
Carbonates Ca Calcite (CaCO3)
Mg Uolomite (CaCo3,MgCo3)
Cu Melachite [(CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]
Zn Xalamine (ZnCO3)
Silicates Mg, Si Calcium magnesium silicat (CaSiO,MgSiO3)
Al, Si Al2O3.SiO2,2H2O (china clay)
Sulphide Fe Iron pyrites (FeS2)
Cu, Fe Iron copper pyrites (CuS.Fe)
Cu Copper pyrites (CuS2)
Mercury Cinnabar (HgS)
Zn Zinc Sulphide (ZnS)
Pb Lead sulphide (Pbs)
Halide Na Comman salt (NaCl)
Al Cryolite (Kcl,MgCl2,6H2O)
Sulphates Ba Baytes (BaSo4)
Ca Gypsum (CaSo4.2H2O)
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